Scandinavian military security must be seen as a whole
where all countries concerned, Norway, Sweden and Finland are heavily dependent
on each other in case of a war in the region. A fact quite seldom discussed or
analysed in depth. Something that is quite surprising as it has implications
not just for the Scandinavian countries but also for NATO´s possibilities to
defend Europe.
The current debate is mostly narrowly concentrated on
the problems connected with NATO´s possibilities to defend the Baltic States,
focusing on the Baltic Sea and nearby territories. This obscuring the problems
connected with the defence of Norway and Finland, and how that might influence
operations in the whole region.
That Sweden will be affected by Russian military
actions in connection with an armed conflict in the Baltic States is
self-evident. NATO has to use Swedish air space to defend its alliance members
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. To have access also to Swedish land and sea
territory would give further advantages. For example basing antisubmarine
assets or long range air defence systems on Swedish territory to reduce Russian
freedom of action in the Baltic Sea. Russian planners are of course aware of
this and would do whatever needed to prevent this. One obvious option is to
“borrow” Swedish territory to deploy long range anti air and anti-ship
missiles. Thereby making it difficult for NATO operate in and over the Baltic
Sea. In reality creating a “wall” cutting off the Baltic States from the west,
except the narrow corridor between Poland and Lithuania, which can be closed by
Russian forces deployed in the Kaliningrad exclave.
Despite Finland not being a member of NATO it probably
would be dragged it into a war where NATO has to defend the Baltic States. Due
to its geographic location it acts as a flank guard for both Norway and Sweden,
to a large extent blocking Russian possibilities to conduct operations against
northern Norway and the northern half of Sweden. Thus making it a common
interest for both countries and NATO, to support Finnish defence efforts.
Finland having substantial military assets on its own,
an army consisting of some 280 000 soldiers plus large reserves of trained
personnel, an air force consisting of 60 fighter aircraft and a navy well
suited for operations in the Finnish archipelago, will not be a walk over for
Russia. Nevertheless Finland will be dependent on outside support to be able to
sustain a prolonged war effort. In some areas, as advanced munitions, support
probably will be needed quite early. If NATO could render support with weapons
systems as combat helicopters and advanced drones, systems that the Finnish
armed forces doesn´t have in its own inventory, that would probably also be
most welcome.
Although Finland has a well organised “economic
defence” with stockpiles of food and other vital necessities a modern society
will have great problems if its industry is cut off from the outside world.
This leads to perhaps Finland´s greatest vulnerability – its dependence on
reasonably safe lines of communications, by sea, air and land. If there is an
armed conflict in the Baltic Sea region it is very probable that more or less
all shipping to and from Finland will cease. Thereby affecting approximately 80
% of Finland´s trade. Finland would become totally dependent on what could be
transported through Sweden or in Swedish airspace.
This interdependence; Finland protecting the northern
half of Sweden and Sweden keeping lines of communication open to Finland
unfortunately hasn´t been given enough consideration in Swedish defence
planning. This of course also has great implications for Finland´s
possibilities to receive help from NATO.
In the nineteen-thirties, there were plans to support
Finland by sending Swedish forces and weapons to Finland in case it was
attacked by the Soviet Union. The plans to support Finland with ground troops
were never implemented, a fact that still to some degree plays a role in
discussions regarding Finnish-Swedish military cooperation. Regardless of not
wanting to participate in a war when the Soviet Union attacked Finland in 1939
it was not just out of solidarity with a small neighbour that Sweden in 1939/40
provided Finland with 25 fighter planes (every fourth plane in the Swedish air force),
144 pieces of artillery, 135 000 rifles and 51 million cartridges. Finland´s
role as a “flank guard” for Sweden was fully understood. During the Cold War
the plans were less ambitious but it was still very clear to the Swedish
government, as well as in Finland, that the defence of Finland also was a part
of the defence of Sweden, and that it was in the interest of both countries to
support each other. In the sixties and seventies when both countries operated
the same type of jet fighters, the SAAB 35 Draken, Sweden kept a number of
Drakens, officially a part of the Swedish air force, in store that could be
transferred to Finland on short notice. At the same time Finland had a larger
number of trained pilots than necessary just to fly the then existing Finnish
planes (at the time Finland was forbidden to have more than 60 fighter aircraft
according to the Finnish- Soviet peace treaty of 1947). Such options don´t exist anymore. Sweden has
nothing to spare if there would be a serious crisis or a war in the region.
The scope of the problem today can be illustrated by
some of the challenges Sweden faces if also the needs of Finland would be
incorporated in Swedish defence planning. To keep sea lanes to the Swedish west
coast, Gothenburg (see map above) and other harbours, is not just a necessity
for Sweden to be able to export and import goods or receive military help for
purely national reasons, it also becomes a part of protecting its northern
flank by helping Finland to sustain its war effort without being dependent on
sea lanes in the Baltic. Presently Swedish capabilities to keep sea lanes and
harbours open on its west coast are very limited. The naval resources for mine
hunting and anti-submarine warfare needed don´t exist, if you are not prepared
to move the few existing assets from the Baltic to the west coast. Leaving the
east coast (the Baltic) devoid of naval capabilities. The reserve alternative
if the Swedish west coast can´t be reached for one reason or other, for
instance that the narrow sea lanes through the archipelago have been mined, is
the Norwegian harbour Trondheim.
The next step, regardless if the goods comes by sea to
Gothenburg or Trondheim, is land transport across Sweden, either to harbours in
the Gulf of Bothnia or across the Swedish-Finnish land border in the far north.
In the first case, sea transport across the Gulf of Bothnia, both harbours and
sea lanes have to be protected for the goods to reach Finland. Here the Aaland
Islands, between Finland and Sweden, play a crucial role. Whoever can deploy
forces there, will be in control of the inlets to the Gulf of Bothnia.
When it comes to getting goods across the Finnish-Swedish
land border isn´t just a question of long and vulnerable land transports, the
distance from Gothenburg on the Swedish west coast to the border crossing at
Haparanda in northern Sweden is 1366 kilometres. It also a question of being
able to defend the northern parts of both Finland and Sweden, exactly those
parts of both countries that Russia would like to use to be able to operate
against NATO forces and installations in Norway.
Apart from mainly military capabilities needed it is
also clear that Swedish war time planning when comes to plan for the capacity
and sustainability of the Swedish transport system, bridges, roads and railways
etc. it has to take Finnish needs in to consideration, not only Swedish
national needs
Equally important as securing sea and land
communications also air corridors over Sweden have to be kept open. Although
the amount of goods that can be transported by air is limited, compared with
sea transports, it is a crucial component as it makes it possible to provide
vital, especially military, goods to Finland very fast. It is also a way to
facilitate NATO air operations in support of Finland by reducing the need for
NATO to allocate resources to protect its air assets when overflying Sweden. A strong air Swedish air defence is therefore
also a vital Finnish (and NATO) interest. Here one has to take Swedish
geography in to consideration. Sweden is, in a European context, a very long
country. The distance from its northern tip to its southernmost parts is
approximately the distance between Copenhagen and Rome, some 1600 kilometres.
Unfortunately the two areas most likely to be attacked are in the opposite ends
of the country. The southern part of Sweden in connection with Russian
operations in the Baltic States, northern Sweden in connection with Russian
operations aiming at northern Norway. Existing Swedish air defence assets,
fighters and ground based air defence systems, might be just enough to handle
one of these directions, definitely not both simultaneously. Making it very doubtful if any air corridors
to Finland can be kept open without neglecting other vital tasks.
The main reason why northern Norway is of such great
importance is the strategic role of Russian assets based on the Kola Peninsula.
Apart from being the home of Russia´s ballistic missile submarines forming a
crucial part of Russia´s second strike capability, it is also the staging area
for conventional operations in the Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic.
In the first case, the strategic ballistic submarines,
Russia might have an interest in increasing the depth of the defence zone around
the Kola peninsula by deploying air defence systems as far west as possible, in
case of a crisis or a war. By deploying such systems for example in northern
Sweden the depth would increase by some 500 kilometres. Such a move would
affect NATO´s air operations in the far north, both when it comes to using
bases in northern Norway but also put restrictions on how to use airspace. This
would also affect NATO´s possibilities to support naval operations aiming at
keeping track of the Russian ballistic submarines in the Barents Sea and the
Norwegian Sea.
The second reason for Russia to try to influence, if
possible stop, NATO´s air and sea operations from bases in northern Norway is
equally important. During the Cold War one of the main tasks of the submarines
and long-range aircraft based on the Kola Peninsula was to try to cut the sea
lanes across the Atlantic, thereby making it impossible to ship reinforcements
from the US to Europe, REFORGER (REturn
of FOrces to GERmany). After the Cold war this concept was abandoned
by NATO as war planning for a conflict in Europe was seen as irrelevant. The
breakup of the Soviet Union and Russia´s economic problems also forced Russia to
drastically reduce its assets for such operations. Northern Norway lost much
its strategic importance. Today that has changed again.
NATO is again planning for shipping reinforcements
across the Atlantic and Russia has partly rebuilt, and continues to increase,
it its capability to act in the Atlantic. This makes the defence of northern Norway
not just a problem for the Scandinavian countries but for Europe as a whole. It
is no coincidence that both the UK and Norway are buying new P-8A Poseidon
Maritime Patrol Aircraft, nine respectively five, to patrol the Norwegian Sea
and the northern Atlantic.
From Scandinavian or Nordic point of view these
increased Russian capabilities and their strategic importance is quite
alarming. Not just that it creates strong motives for Russia to attack NATO
facilities in northern Norway, it also threatens the whole regions connections
with the outside world. Even if Russia might encounter problems attacking ships
and planes moving across the Atlantic it is obvious that isolating the
Scandinavian Peninsula would be a quite easy task if NATO could not operate
from bases in northern Norway. Just as in the case of Finland, both Norway and
Sweden, are dependent on secure sea lanes for export and import of vital goods
and for receiving military help. Both countries, as well as Finland to some
extent, build their war planning on help from NATO, in reality from the US.
The defence of Norway, especially northern Norway,
therefore is a vital common interest for all the Scandinavian countries as well
as for NATO.
Taken together we see a situation where Norway and
Sweden are dependent on Finland´s ability to defend its own territory, which
makes Finland dependent on Swedish capabilities to provide safe communications
to Finland. We also see that, Sweden´s ability to defend its own territory,
depends on Sweden and Finland helping Norway to defend its territory, thereby
making it possible for NATO to safeguard air and sea communications to
Scandinavia.
The question then arises, what does the situation look
like today. To begin with Finland.
As already mentioned, Sweden´s ability to keep sea lanes
to its west coast open is limited. The Swedish navy consisting of seven surface
combatants, four submarines and five mine countermeasures ships, will have to
choose if to deploy in the Baltic or on the west coast. In reality it means a
choice between defending Swedish territory against a Russian attack aiming at
deploying long range air defence systems on Swedish soil or trying to keep sea
lanes to the outside world open. A very tricky choice as defending Swedish
territory would be in the interest of not just Sweden but also for NATO, as it
would facilitate NATO operations in defence of the Baltic States. At the same
time both Sweden and Finland are dependent on goods reaching Swedish harbours.
When it comes to secure safe transports through Sweden
to Finland that would depend on two components, the ability of the Swedish air
defence to protect the transport system against attacks and resources to repair
damaged infrastructure. Regarding air defence there is an obvious lack when it
comes to defence against cruise missiles or similar long-range systems, now becoming
a “standard threat” against fixed targets. There are no preparations made to
repair infrastructure on a scale that would be needed in war time.
This said, both Sweden and Finland have recognised the
need for closer military cooperation between the two countries. During the last
years a number of initiatives have been taken to increase the ability of the
armed forces of both countries to cooperate in case of a serious crisis or war.
The air forces and the navies train together more or less on a routine basis.
Army units regularly participate in each other’s exercises. There is an
exchange of staff officers between ministries of defence and headquarters. On
the political level it has been stated that there will be (is) common
operational planning for situations beyond peace. This cooperation does,
however, not mean that the countries will send substantial resources to help each
other, such resources just don´t exist. The real advantage will be that it will
complicate Russian planning. Will it have to meet an enemy that can and will conduct
joint operations or not? The level of deterrence will increase and more
contingencies will have to be taken in to consideration during a campaign. The
weak spot in this Swedish-Finnish concept is the uncertainty of how much can
you trust your partner going to war on your behalf. Will Finland go to war
against Russia to help Sweden to defend Gotland, if it sees a possibility to
keep out of a war in the Baltic Sea region? Even if it means that Sweden will
not be able to secure Finland´s communications with the outside world? Will
Sweden go to war against Russia if there is a Russian attempt to increase the
security zone around the bases on the Kola Peninsula by occupying some Finnish
territory?
As long as there is no binding defence treaty between
the two countries, something that is very unlikely, this will be a great
obstacle to deeper cooperation. Neither country will take the risk to make
itself dependent on the other when it comes basic war fighting capabilities,
like air defence, logistics etc.
The problem of defending the far north is equally complicated.
Here it is a question of coordinating the actions of three countries, Finland,
Sweden, Norway and NATO. Although the defence of northern Norway and keeping
land connections to Sweden is of great importance to Finland its ability to
fight a war depends on the defence of southern Finland where the vast majority
of people live and where most of its civilian resources are located. With a
land border of 1300 kilometres with Russia it will have to choose where to
concentrate its military efforts, it will not be in the north.
The Swedish situation is somewhat different having the
Baltic Sea as an obstacle that Russia has to cross before reaching Swedish
territory. But in principle it has great similarities with Finland´s situation.
The southern part of the country is most densely populated and holds most of the
resources needed to fight a war. It is also that part of Sweden that has to be
defended to facilitate NATO operations in support of the Baltic States. Perhaps
also a prerequisite for Sweden to receive help from NATO. Making it worthwhile
helping Sweden but also making it possible. The infrastructure needed to
receive help is situated mainly in southern Sweden. At the same time northern
Sweden has to be defended to protect NATO´s operations in the Norwegian Sea and
the Barents Sea.
During the Cold War, with the then quite large war
time establishment, this dual task was solved by planning to repel an invasion
across the Baltic Sea in the south and fighting a prolonged campaign in the
north, several months. In southern Sweden strong air defence and anti-ship
capabilities, some 400 fighter aircraft and 30 surface combatants plus 12
submarines, backed up by a land component consisting of five divisions that
would counterattack wherever an enemy managed to land on Swedish soil. In the
north three divisions, supported by local defence forces, were prepared to delay
a Soviet attack towards Norway. Sweden
was the shield behind which NATO could operate from Norway.
Today the situation is drastically different. The
Swedish armed forces consisting of all together two brigades, some ninety
aircraft, seven surface combatants and four submarines are mainly concentrated
in southern Sweden. To meet an enemy advancing through northern Sweden there
would be a few, very few, battalions on the ground, and some fighter squadrons.
Not much considering that the area where an enemy has to be delayed on the
ground and where he must be denied freedom of action in the air. The area of
operations, the northern one third of Sweden (app 150 000 km2), is just
slightly smaller than all the three Baltic States combined (app 175 000
km2). Today there is no shield protecting the back of northern Norway.
This might have been acceptable if Norway had had
resources on its own to stop, or at least seriously influence, Russian
operations aimed at NATO facilities in northern Norway. The sole brigade presently
deployed in the north will not be sufficient. What more, even if Norway
increased its capabilities in the north it would still not solve the problem if
operations could not be conducted in close cooperation with Sweden. The
distance from the Swedish border to the Norwegian Sea in the Narvik-area is
just 16 kilometres. Not leaving much room for manoeuvre. Russian long-range
weapons systems on Swedish territory would reach far in to Norway.
The American brigade combat group that has its
equipment prepositioned in Trondheim in central Norway, could be an important
component when it comes to meet a threat on the ground in northern Scandinavia
if deployed there. But the distance between Trondheim and Narvik in the north
is a bit more than 600 kilometres as the bird flies. The land distance on
Norwegian territory is some 900 kilometres along one vulnerable road with several
tunnels and a ferry connection. Another, safer, route is via northern Sweden
making the marching distance 1200 kilometres. Although the defence of northern Norway is a very
strong common Scandinavian, and NATO, interest the high north is a glaring
security gap.
Considering the dependencies and the vulnerabilities
that have been described, what ought to be done? Some actions have already been
taken. Norway is redirecting its thinking and its preparations towards Article
5 operations. Sweden and Finland have concluded Host Nation Support agreements
with NATO. They have also signed bilateral agreements with the US and the UK
regarding enhanced cooperation in areas as sharing and developing military
technology and joint training. Both countries are also participating in NATO
exercises as Trident Juncture 2018 in northern Norway engaging some 45 000
personnel from more than 30 countries. Regarding what should to be done on a
national level, in general terms it ought to be: Sweden should increase its
capabilities to secure Finland´s communications with the outside world and
increase its ability to protect Norway´s back, Finland and Sweden together
should increase their common capabilities to protect the Aaland Islands and sea
lanes across the Gulf of Bothnia, Norway should allocate still more resources
to anti-submarine warfare and air defence in the high north.
Although Finland and Norway could and should do a bit
more in the areas mentioned above the great culprit at the moment is Sweden.
Geographically being the hub in the region on which the security of other
countries depend it is not taking on the responsibilities it should, thereby
jeopardising not just its own security but also the security of its neighbours.
At the moment (2017) Sweden spends just 1 % of GDP on defence, Norway spends 1,6
% and Finland 1,4.[1] Both Norway and Finland are planning to
increase defence spending in the coming years. Although there is a political
consensus in Sweden that spending on defence should increase, at the moment
there are no political decisions that point at any substantial additions to the
defence budget. This might change with the long-term defence plan that is to be
presented in May 2019.
Apart from strengthen their own defence capabilities,
one other measure that would drastically increase Nordic security, and take
cooperation between the Scandinavian countries to much higher level, would be
Finland and Sweden joining NATO. It would not just solve the problem with an
isolated attack against those countries which would put NATO in a very precarious
situation when it comes to defend the Baltic States or northern Norway in a
later stage, it would also make it possible to coordinate plans and operations
between the Scandinavian countries. Making it possible to get more joint
fighting power of the money spent on defence. It would also open up for “work
sharing” where each country could take on a more specialised role. Just to take
one example. Must the sea lanes to the Swedish west coast have to be a Swedish
problem or could it be something that NATO as an alliance could handle? What more, any Russian attempt to seize
territory in Scandinavia will probably come in the form of a surprise attack.
In such a situation a swift and coordinated reaction will be crucial. It will
be too late to start discussions on who should do what, sort out command
arrangements etc.
What more, neither country has the economic resources,
regardless how much they are prepared to spend on defence, to pay for all
advanced weapons systems needed in a modern war. The prime example at the
moment perhaps being missile defence. If all systems needed, satellite sensors,
long range radars, communications etc. to create a credible “umbrella” are
taken in to account the costs are staggering. Such systems have to be developed
and acquired together with others.
Another, possibly crucial, question would also be
solved with Finland and Sweden joining NATO. Nuclear blackmail or nuclear
response. At the moment both Finland and Sweden are obvious candidates for
nuclear blackmail, giving Russia the option to “borrow” strategically important
parts of the territory of both states by threatening them with a nuclear
attack, and if needed by staging a nuclear demonstration in either of the
countries. This without running the risk of a nuclear response.
The question then arises, why haven´t Sweden and
Finland already joined NATO? The old reasons, perhaps valid during the Cold War
have little significance today. The idea of trying to stay neutral in a war
between the then Warsaw-pact and NATO has become an unrealistic option. In the
Swedish case it is closing your eyes to strategic realities regarding the
operational needs of Swedish territory by both NATO and Russia. The Finnish
case is a bit more complicated as there might be a slight chance for Finland to
stand aside in a conflict in the Baltic Sea region, but not if the high north
becomes an area of military operations. Which is quite likely. What more, the
possibility to stand neutral in a conflict where EU-members are attacked
disappeared when Sweden and Finland joined the European Union in 1994. Although
Article 42.7 in the Lisbon-treaty doesn´t specifically demand military
assistance to a member that has been attacked the neutrality option doesn´t
exist.
The reluctance
to join NATO in both Sweden and Finland is mainly based on historic nostalgia.
In the Swedish case also a deep-rooted anti-Americanism among left-leaning
groups and a fear to lose national sovereignty among some ultra-nationalistic
groups play an important role. Both groups are fond of referring to that Sweden
has managed to keep out of wars for more than two hundred years by pursuing a
neutrality policy, an argument that has quite strong appeal among ordinary
citizens. In Finland, the
nostalgia-factor based mainly of Finland´s experience fighting the Soviet Union
during the Second World War should not be underestimated. The near death
experience has to a large extent been forgotten. What is remembered is that
Finland more or less on its own managed to preserve its independence fighting a
great power. The successful balancing act between Germany and the Soviet Union
when withdrawing from the war is also regarded as a lesson showing “be careful
not losing your freedom of action by tying to close knots with a great power”.
To conclude, all the Scandinavian countries,
especially Sweden, have good reasons to consider how their own defence
capabilities affect their neighbours, and adapt their planning and defence structures
accordingly. Something that will not come cheap. Probably we are speaking of
defence budgets of at least 2 % of GDP. Although such measures would raise the
threshold for Russian military adventures in the region and increase their
ability to fight a war in, they would still have limited value as long as not
all Scandinavian countries are members of NATO.
*****
[1] SIPRI
database
https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/3_Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988–2017%20as%20a%20share%20of%20GDP.pdf
S